American Sabbatical 64: 3/5/97
Lowell
3/5.. Stuffed Owl.
The dogs knew we were leaving before we started packing. Its that orphaned look they give
you. So youre abandoning us again, it says. And they plant themselves
in your path, doleful eyes watching every move. Yes, were taking
flight again, doggies.
Stuffing the Owl was a piece of cake this time. Wed radically
thinned our kit, and everything has its place. But the thousand
and one things you suddenly remember just before you leave get
you running around the house in circles, a departure ritual which
culminates in two crazed humans tripping over hovering hangdogs
and bumping into each other.
Seven oclock Tuesday night I decided to fix the leaking toilet
tank so our house sitters wouldnt have to deal with it. Just
a simple job of replacing the stopper mechanism. A nice practical
task to clear my head. An hour later I was lying on the bathroom
floor with my fingers jammed under the tank, trying to loosen
a stuck nut, with the tailpiece pipe twisted in a spiral, and
near tears with frustration.
Mr. Mann to the rescue. David arrived to see us off, and stayed
to play plumber. Went home for his big channel locks, and returned
with a full tool box. Just in case. Well.. we needed it. His big
calming presence was the best tool in the box, though. It only
took us three tries to get the works apart and together again
so it didnt gush, and I would have left the damned thing oozing
and gone off in despair but for Davids patience.
By the time we were replumbed, Peggy had fallen down in exhaustion,
but I was running in overdrive. Time for a symbolic finale. The
tail on Peggys dolphin totem had broken off Saturday, and the
piece gone missing, so I decided to repair it. But the wood has
acquired such a patina after 20 years of rubbing there was no
way I could match it. I couldnt even tell what species it was,
it had such a glow. The only solution was to make a whole new
dolphin. I chose osage orange for its golden color, jacked Bob
Dylans Slow Train Coming into the sound machine, and began the
shop dance. By midnight I was holding a golden dolphin, and things
were back together again. Bryces ultimate therapy.
The big storm that media central was promising hadnt moved in
by morning, and the last bits of stuffing went into Red Owl without
mishap. By then we were both in a transitional trance. Neither
here nor there, and grinning foolishly. Peggy went through the
house blessing the rooms, and I hugged the dogs, confirming their
worst fears. And we were off.
Almost. Leos ashes were waiting for us at the post office, and
we had to backtrack to put them together with Zimis at home.
One last sad office, marking another completion. Then we were
OFF.
3/5-6...Outastate.
We chose to amble out of state, rather than take the fast lane and get all jangled right up
front. So we went crosslots to Lisbon Falls, crossed the Androscoggin
at the old Worumbo, and picked up Rt.9, a little shaky, but away.
Old Route Nine is Maines back alley, and in summer its an education
in lawn ornamention to drive along its bluecollar miles. This
time of year Maine shows all its scars in a sea of drab, and 9
bobs and weaves through Pownal and Durham, Cumberland and Yarmouth,
unrolling a study in beige. Crossroads meetinghouses and town
commons are intercut with logging yards and frozen pastures. There
were still patches of snow on the ground in Bowdoinham, but the
landscape was bare as we came down onto the coastal plain at Portland.
There are some wonderful 19th century houses on the back streets
of Portland and a whiff of salt air stalks along the avenues.
We snaked across town under a pale blue sky, with our windows
halfcocked, made an endrun past the Maine Mall, bemused by the
eager morning consumers, and dumped out onto Route 1 south, the
old commercial corridor. Buyers were out kicking tires at Jolly
Johns, and you could almost hear his hustlers gush in the air.
YEAESSS.
The traffic was only moderately heavy, with fish dealer and lumber
company trucks huffing diesel across Scarborough marsh, and past
the shuttered motel cabins inland from Old Orchard Beach. Is this
really the last place in Maine where strings of efficiency cabins
turn back the clock to the 50s. Do Mom and Buddy and Sis still
drive up in their DeSoto for a week in August? I hadnt driven
Route 1 between Scarborough and Wells since they put in the Maine
Turnpike, and if you squinted your eyes it was still the 1950s..
But what happened to ESSO? And whats a calzone? Or an Aquaboggin?
Biddeford-Saco is a living milltown, with plumes of fumes pouring
across the winter streets from the looming factories, girls in
curlers and fuzzypink slippers on the stoops, smoking menthols,
and all that triple-decker ambiance. Only the storefront signs
said 1990s: GET ONLINE HERE. YOUR ONRAMP TO THE INFORMATION HIWAY.
You suppose Dolly works in an information factory?
We cut inland, through the cutover pine plains of York County,
in order to cross the Piscataquis at Berwick, and backdoor out
of Maine. Berwick is another for-real milltown hunched alongside
the waterpower, with worn faces on the buildings and the residents.
Across the cast iron divide and into New Hampshire, we eagerly
looked for signs. Indications of the rugged independence of these
Granite State survivors. These primary voters who do such a fine
job of choosing our candidates. This is LIVE FREE OR DIE country.
Only it was hard to tell which was the operative modality. The
road signs gave out at the town line, and we figured out that
no taxes and political independence means: figure it out yourself.
We stopped to ask directions from a cop directing traffic, and
he just shrugged. Lucky we had a compass.
After circling round for most of an hour we finally came upon
the State Youth Center, and realized the logic behind no road
signs. Thatll fool them. We eventually struck on a numbered route,
and hightailed it for the Mass. line. The ceiling was coming down
sooty gray, and we had our windows rolled back up. By the time
we came into the stop-and-go of Haverhill wed had enough scenic
touring, and were ready for the thrill of the high road.
You get as many thrills as you want in Massachusetts traffic.
And Ive finally figured out what defines the special charm of
the Mass. driver. They have their own sense of proxemics.. IE:
they crowd in on you. This may be the Fenway Effect. All those
old serpentine roadways, coupled with a long tradition of road
construction graft, means there are no lane markings and other
orderly amenities, and driving in Boston is a free-for-all. Two
lanes become three then one, merges diverge and converge, the
result is a casual attitude toward lane discipline, which drives
the rest of us nuts.
Now the same logic would argue that New Yorkers should suffer
from the Bruckner Boulevard Effect, but Empire Staters are rigidly
regular in their automotive mayhem. I think the difference is
the pace. In the Big Apple youre dead if you break the pattern,
because some crazed cabby from Peshawar is doing 85 in the next
lane. In the Hub there are so many hungover Irishmen hanging a
U-ey that a general casualness prevails. This may explain the
Bay States liberal politics, as well.
In any event we played dodgem with Mass....s all the way to the
Lowell Connector. Peggy wanted to sniff around the Mill Museum
in Lowell, and we rolled into that historic district in mid-afternoon,
with a raw wind rising.
Lowell is a city of brick and granite blocks where the side streets
are still cobbled, and a nineteenth century atmosphere hides in
the alleyways. There is a National Historic Site in the city center
where the old mills stand shoulder to shoulder. But the sense
of time past is tempered by flocks of kids, whose families are
living in the converted factory buildings. Lots of young trees,
fresh glazing, and new paint. The laughter of playing children
echoes in the brick courtyards.
(Memo #53)
March 5 - Lowell National Historical Park / Industrial History
Who? Francis Cabot Lowell, millowners, millworkers, immigrants
What? First industrial city in the USA. Mills, mill housing along
a river and canals. Mass production.
Where? Lowell, Mass., on the Merrimack River.
When? Beginning in 1810, fast urban development. with distinct
stages - farm girls first, then immigrants.
How? Labor, capital, machines, resources, workers, transportation
were put together in the famous American Factory System.
Lowell Mill
Topics: the Industrial Revolution, the American factory system,
urbanization, mass production, millworkers, labor unions.
Questions: Why did the mills develop where they did? What were
the earliest mills like? Who were the workers? How did mill conditions
change over time?
If you take Route 495 southwest from Route 95 just out of Maine,
you begin to see signs for the old industrial cities of Massachusetts
- Lawrence and Lowell. Then the old mills themselves appear by
the river off to your right - huge brick structures that run for
miles, it seems, along the waterfront. The huge empty rooms where
looms once throbbed can be glimpsed through the ranks of windows
that line five or six stories and stretch into the distance. The
mill chimneys loom over all, higher than the clock towers at the
central mill entrances. The few pedestrians and cars to be seen
are dwarfed by the brick giants. It is an impressive geometric
manmade urbanscape.
The road signs advertise the Lowell National Historical Park which
chronicles the development of the American industrial revolution
at its first urban sites. This chapter in history left its mark
near Freeport with the huge mills at Lisbon Falls, Lewiston, Waterville,
Rumford, Brunswick, and the cities created by and for the millworkers.
Fire destroyed the mill at Lisbon Falls, decay is attacking the
yellow mill at Brunswick. It is a contemporary challenge to restore
and use the great mill structures. Lewiston has restored the Bates
Mill for new functions (an arts center, a photography enterprise).
Fort Andross in Brunswick houses a restaurant, auction house,
ski business. Lowell has become a huge national park. So, on our
first day out on Trip # 2, we headed for Lowell, Massachusetts.
Could this nearby National Park be the center of an American Studies
trip some day?
Lowell Clock Tower
Lowell has new mill housing on its outskirts, serried ranks
of condos (that are really row houses) marching up hills and along
side streets. There are large empty lots dotting the downtown
and a few grand stone buildings endowed by the mill owners (a
library, a city hall). Then you are alongside a mill canal with
the great brick mill buildings and their chimneys (the park has
fifteen major sites on a map).
Sculpture
Lowell National Historical park is not one reconstructed mill
but a whole huge section of the old downtown. From the visitors
center, it was a fifteen minute walk to the Boott Cotton Mills
through cobbled streets with sandblasted brick stores and mill
structures. There is a walking path along the old canal and vest
pocket parks with sculptures memorializing industrial development
sprinkled throughout downtown. One lifesized statue of a millworker
is levering a huge granite block. Cogs from the huge machinery
are set up as art pieces.There are also antique stores and natty
restaurants. Downtown was really attractive (Lowell?!?##@#).
So, why Lowell? The industrial Revolution was a change in the
way things were produced that affected every aspect of life -
how and where people lived, how they worked, what they worked
for. Before the Industrial Revolution things were made at home.
A craftsman like a potter or a weaver or a blacksmith worked in
a room of the house or a building out back. The production involved
the whole family - kids would run errands and do small chores,
then get trained in the family craft. Women had important economic
roles doing craftwork and bookkeeping as part of a family enterprise.
The objects were made one at a time, usually by a single worker.
Each was slightly different from the other.
Canal
Mills
Work and family and home were integrated. Objects produced might
be bartered as part of a network of goods and services in a village.
Cities were trade centers where transportation routes came together
and goods were marketed; ceremonial centers where religious events
occurred; government centers where officials worked. Work was
done by human labor, animal labor, and natural forces - wind turned
grist mills, horses pulled plows, camels carried burdens.
The Industrial Revolution used new energy for new purposes and
changed the landscape. Waterfalls (and later fossil fuels) were
used to power huge machines that increased production a thousandfold.
Machines were housed in huge new structures called factories.
These factory building complexes (mills) located at waterfalls
became the center of new huge settlements (Lewiston, Brunswick,
Lisbon Falls, Lowell). Workers lived within walking distance of
the mills in new kinds of houses that were part of the growing
industrial cities. There was a separation of family/home and work.
Work became a new kind of labor: wagework in a factory for an
owner. Your labor earned you money in wages and the millworker
was a wageworker and consumer, not a small businessman and barterer.
Objects were produced by the thousands, virtually identical. The
millworker did one task as part of this mass production. No one
was involved in the entire process from raw material to crafted
object.
Chimneys
The mills required huge amounts of resources, bulk raw materials had to be moved to the mill and finished goods had to be shipped out. Canals and railroads were created as the transportation part of the industrial revolution. The American Factory System emerged.
Boarding Houses
The first great mill industry was textiles. Eli Whitneys cotton
gin cleaned seeds from huge amount of raw cotton efficiently (ironically
the "advance" of the industrial revolution made slavery profitable),
boats carried the cotton bales to England, then later to the mills
of New England.
The Boott Cotton Mills complex at Lowell stretches for hundreds
of yards alongside the Merrimack River just before the Concord
River joins it. A huge open square in front gives you a grand
view. Along one side of the square are restored boarding houses.
I toured one, fascinated by the life it depicted.
The first U.S.mills in the early 1800s (England was earlier) had
to attract laborers from farms and small villages. The millowners
offered good wages and conditions at first. The mills were fairly
light and comfortable. Farm girls by the thousands came to work.
New cities were "springing up like enchanted palaces" (Whittier).
Lowell was described as the "eldorado on the Merrimack." By 1850
Lowell had 33,000 people. At first the workers were mainly women
between 15 and 30. The average stay was three years. Workers toiled
73 hour weeks and earned $3 a week.
Dining Room in Boarding House
Loom Operator
At Lowell, twenty-five to forty girls lived in each boardinghouse.
Their voices (readings from diaries) follow you as you tour the
narrow brick row house - three or four stories high. The boardinghouse
diningroom is a large room with many tables. The keepers room
(bed and sitting area) is just behind it. The keepers were often
widows or single women with multiple business skills. The keepers
competed with good food and comfortable rooms to lure boarders.
Typical meals are displayed shellacked (!!). Upstairs was a typical
dormitory room for several girls with beds lining one wall. Exhibits
in an adjacent house showed aspects of the entertainment, religion,
and cultural events that were offered in evening classes and lectures.
What changed? Why did factory life and mill conditions deteriorate?
As long as labor was scarce in the U.S., mill conditions were
good. The great waves of immigration provided an abundant labor
force (first the Irish fleeing the potato famine and French-Canadians
fleeing farm poverty, then eastern and southern Europeans, more
recently Asians and Latin Americans ). The workers didnt have
to be kept happy, there were always more workers (men and women
and children). Wages dropped, conditions worsened. Hours increased.
Profits soared. In the 1830s Lowell had its first strikes, the
beginning of the labor movement that has been an integral part
of Lowells history and is chronicled in many history books .
Reformers like Sarah Bagley and Harriet Jane Hanson Robinson lead
worker protests and sent petitions to the government. The city
began to have ethnic neighborhoods (New Dublin, the Acre) with
special restaurants and stores. Many languages were spoken. Exhibition
photos of Lowell show signs in Greek, Italian, Russian. Artifacts
brought from Rumania or Germany line cases.
Mill Model
Looms
The Boott Mill complex recreates the working environment in the
1920s. There are 88 power looms set up in a huge mill space weaving
the different types of cloth once marketed by Boott Mills. Tourists
are issued earplugs and walk through the noisy room. It was deafening.
In the 1920s the rooms would have had twice as many looms (!).
Diaries describe the dust and cotton particles in the air (mill
workers typically developed respiratory problems). Upstairs where
the floor throbbed from the looms underneath, there was an excellent
slide show and exhibits of everything from millworker clothing
to an authentic cotton bale (its 500 lbs. from 25-30,000 bolls
could produce 1500 yards of material). In 1839 Lowell mills used
890 bales PER WEEK.
At Lowell, tourists can see an extensive water turbine power exhibit,
the cotton mills, boardinghouses, transportation museum. You can
walk the downtown or take a boat ride on a mill canal. The mill
town experience is extremely vivid. VISIT !!
Millrace
3/5 cont.
While Peggy did her museum thing, I leaned against a wall and sketched a yellow brick chimney towering over a mill yard. A young Hispanic boy and his rotund father were passing a football up and down the alley, and an older Irishman joined the game. Pretty soon there was a gaggle of kids surging back and forth. The young boy came and looked over my shoulder, shouted excitedly in Spanish to his dad, and in a minute I was surrounded with eager critics. Talking to each other in Spanish, and (politely) to me in English, they discussed the utility and economic value of art.
How much can you make doing this?
One young lady said they had just cut out art at her school. They
dont think its very important. I said it was important to me,
and she said softly, Me too.
Can you do this with crayons? she asked. I said she should use
anything she can lay her hands on.
When I gathered up my kit, the father came and shook my hand.
Its important my children see all the things you can do in this
life. Is this country a hostile place, full of racial hatred
and urban violence? A place where people have no time for art?
I rest my case.
Even on a lowery evening this tired old mill town had a rough
charm Id never have associated with the Merrimack Valley, and
Peggy was all abubble with field trip possibilities and student
projects she could envision. The sabbatical thing sure hotwires
this jaded teacherlady. We munched on fresh bread and exotic cheese
as we pulled back out onto the road, and into the coming weather.
By the time we struck Sturbridge it was pouring, and by Hartford
it was pitch black. We felt our way across western Connecticut
and up into the rolling hills, headed for Kent and Cornwall Bridge.
Luckily we knew our way around these woods, because there was
fog in the valleys, and intermittent bands of hail dancing on
the macadam. Even so we made a few false turns and had to circle
the wagon and regroup.
We were aiming for the home and studio of Lois and Herb Abrams.
Herb has known me all my life, and been a crucial inspiration
for me as an artist. He is a successful portrait painter (White
House portraits of Carter and Bush), who has followed his muse
through thick and thin for 50 years. Herb went to high school
with my father, and lived with us during my childhood. I grew
up in a house full of his paintings, watched his talent evolve,
and can't smell oil paints without thinking of him. His stubborn
climb to success has always been a model for me, but it has been
years since we visited him at home. When we finally appeared out
of the deluge, with a package of lobsters under our arm, we were
welcomed like a prodigal son... and daughter. Maybe it was because
everyone was starving.
Mellow scotch, fresh shellfish, vintage wine, fancy applecake,
aged brandy... we tottered off to bed convinced that this artistic
life is definitely the way to go.